Hairy Vetch Planting. Hairy vetch seed are commercially available in a range of sizes. Hairy vetch fixes large amounts of nitrogen (N) that help meet N needs of the following crop, protects soil from erosion, helps improve soil tilth, and provides weed control during its vigorous growth in the spring and when left as a dead mulch at the soil surface. In Ethiopia, hairy vetch hay fed to lactating dairy cows replaced up to 50% of a concentrate mix without changes in feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield and milk composition. Growing Hairy Vetch Cover Crop Garden Seeds. Hairy vetch is used as a cover crop, green manure, pasture, silage, and hay (Kandel 2002). Hairy vetch does well in areas where annual rainfall is 350-1000 mm. Fertilisation, seed mixtures and supplementary feeding for annual legume-grass-cereal pastures in organic milk production systems. Alibes et al., 1990; Dougall et al., 1966; Lanyasunya et al., 2007; Lanyasunya et al., 2007; Rahmati et al., 2012, Abate et al., 2009; Alibes et al., 1990; Getu Kitaw et al., 2010; Haj Ayed et al., 2001; Lanyasunya et al., 2007, Abreu et al., 1998; Alibes et al., 1990; Bruno-Soares et al., 2000, Gonzalez et al., 2003; Selmi et al., 2010, Heuzé V., Tran G., Edouard N., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2016. Forage legumes: a resource for sustainable agricultural production in Chamula, Chiapas. Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Each pod contains 4-8 globular seeds, blackish brown in colour and 3-5 mm in diameter (Cook et al., 2005), smaller than those of common vetch (Hannaway et al., 2004). Tendrils form on the ends of the leaves. In China, a concentrate feed with 40% hairy vetch was shown to improve the meat quality of hybrid beef cattle, but it is unclear whether the seeds or the foliage were included (Han et al., 2012). The seeds and vegetative parts of hairy vetch can be poisonous to livestock, including cattle, horses and poultry, but the etiology of the toxicity remains elusive (Cooper et al., 1984; Anderson et al., 1983; Kerr et al., 1982). Husb., 14 (70): 619-628, Surrency, D. ; Owsley, C. M., 2001. In a Finnish organic dairy system based on pasture associated with Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and barley, hairy vetch was better utilized than common vetch (Vicia sativa) for extended grazing, and produced more herbage. Vicia villosa is appreciated as a cover crop and green manure (see Environmental impact below) (SARE, 2008). Maintain a dense, actively growing turf through proper mowing, fertilizing, and watering practices. Dairy cows grazing hairy vetch produced a similar amount of milk as cows grazing Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) (20.6 vs. 22 kg/d), in spite of the lower in vitro OM digestibility (74 vs. 78%) and sugar content (8.6 vs. 13.6% DM) of the hairy vetch. In Australia, sheep grazing hairy vetch (1 sheep/10 kg available DM) showed higher daily gains than sheep grazing oat pasture (146 vs. 92 g/d) (Spurway et al., 1974). Med. Med. Coring and traffic control reduce compaction and encourage desirable turfgrass competition. Food Agric., 61 (3): 315-325, Esquivel Bazan, E. ; Garcia Barrios, L. E. ; Pool Novelo, L., 1999. It does well in areas with average temperatures ranging from 8°C to 19°C. The leaflets are narrowly oblong, 10-25 mm in length (Hannaway et al., 2004). It is widely adapted and hardy in the north with snow cover. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) is an annual or biannual viny legume with a woolly appearance due to long soft hairs borne on the stems and leaves (FAO, 2014; Cook et al., 2005; Undersander et al., 1990). The plant is six to 12 inches in height, but with no bloom or seed pods. Effects of maturity on nutritive value of field-cured hays from common vetch and hairy vetch. Based in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, we reach millions of Auburn Veterinarian, 10: 125-126, Cook, B. G.; Pengelly, B. C.; Brown, S. D.; Donnelly, J. L.; Eagles, D. A.; Franco, M. A. ; Hanson, J.; Mullen, B. F.; Partridge, I. J.; Peters, M.; Schultze-Kraft, R., 2005. Watch Queue Queue Managing cover crops profitably (3rd edition). Adapts well to most climates and soil types, but doesn’t like poorly drained sites. Hairy vetch is also used as fodder and can be grazed, or cut for hay and silage. Sci., 24 (Suppl 1): 92-94, Undersander, D. J. ; Ehlke, N. J. ; Kaminski, A. R. ; Doll, J. D. ; Kelling, K. A., 1990. If it is cut at optimal quality for rye, hairy vetch is still young and yield is reduced (Hannaway et al., 2004). To plant hairy vetch, plow the soil as you would for any regular crop. Agric., 49 (3): 352-365, Andrzejewska, A. ; Ignaczak, S. ; Barzyk, P., 2016. Depending on the climate and the intended use, hairy vetch can be sown during late summer (cold areas), or mid-autumn (warmer areas), or year round in places where temperatures are suitable (high altitude tropics), provided there is enough moisture (beginning of the wet season) (Hannaway et al., 2004; Undersander et al., 1990). Tropical forages. Working hand-in-hand with our partners at N.C. A&T and 101 local governments, we conduct groundbreaking research that addresses real-world issues in communities across the state. In: XXXIX Jorn. Voluntary intake of hairy vetch hay in rams was 71 g/kg LW0.75, OM digestibility was 50% and ME was 6.6 MJ/kg DM (Abreu et al., 1998). Grab the latest working Organic Hairy Vetch Seed coupons, discount codes and promos. It is normally seeded at 20 to 40 pounds per acre. Anim., Zaragoza, Espana, 12 y 13 de mayo de 2009, 361-363, Hernández-Ortega, M. ; Heredia-Nava, D. ; Espinoza-Ortega, A. ; Sánchez-Vera, E. ; Arriaga-Jordán, C. M., 2011. It can grow on bare soils and may be considered a pioneer species (Cook et al., 2005). (75% rye/25% vetch by weight). Hairy vetch can also be grazed or harvested as forage. Vet. May have some allelopathic properties, so it is best to allow 2-3 weeks between incorporating and seeding of small-seeded crops. Hairy vetch readily resumes its growth during spring and, combined with a tendency to allelopathy, the stand smothers spring weeds efficiently (SARE, 2008). Latin Name: Vicia villosa Common Names: Winter Vetch, Fodder Vetch, Sand Vetch Hairy Vetch Hardiness Zones: Perennial to zones 1-7, Annual cover crop Days to Maturity: 80-90 days (longer when left to germinate over winter) Hairy Vetch Seeding Rate: 1-2 lb per 1000 sq. In rams, in situ DM degradability of hairy vetch straw was between 59 and 61% (Bruno-Soares et al., 1997; Abreu et al., 1998; Bruno-Soares et al., 2000). The foraging behaviour of honey bees on hairy vetch III: Differences in the vetch. It does well in many types of soil provided they are well drained. Hairy vetch was introduced from Europe as a forage crop for livestock, and to stabilize banks and roadsides. Technol., 30 (1-2): 39-50, SARE, 2008. Genel Yayn - Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Arastrma Enstitusu, 6: 27, Kerr, L. A.; Edwards, W. C., 1982. Bruno-Soares, A. M. ; El-Shaer, H. M., 1997. Cooper, M. R. ; Johnson, A. W., 1984. For this reason, the use of any part of the hairy vetch plant is not recommended for feeding rabbits until new information is available. The first syndrome, associated with the ingestion of hairy vetch seeds, resulted in acute nervous derangement, pain, convulsions and death (Claughton et al., 1954). CSIRO, DPI&F(Qld), CIAT and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia. While most of the cultivated vetches are annuals, hairy vetch is grown as an annual or winter annual. J. Mow at the proper height for your selected adapted turfgrass. Call to Order: We are encouraging our customers to call us at 800-352-5247 to place your orders.We can then ship your seed directly to you, or you can come pick it up at Albert Lea Seed. Hairy vetch can be sown in mixture with grasses (in Australia: Digitaria eriantha, Lolium multiflorum, Panicum coloratum, Phalaris aquatica and Setaria incrassata), with small grain crops (rye, wheat and oats) and with other vetches or medics (Cook et al., 2005). Food Sci., 19 (2): 116-126, Interrante, S. M. ; Biermacher, J. T. ; Kering, M. K.; Butler, T. J., 2012. This video is unavailable. It grows in soils with pH ranging from 6 to 7.5 and it is more tolerant to soil acidity than many forage legumes. Hairy vetch is planted in the fall wherever it is grown. Hairy vetch. Hairy vetch was found to contain L-canavanine, an amino acid that protects plants from predators but also reduced feed intake in pigs (Enneking et al., 1993). Lanyasunya, T. P. ; Wang HongRong ; Mukisira, E. A. ; Abdulrazak, S. A. ; Kibitok, N. K., 2007. TurfFiles provides turfgrass information to homeowners, students, extension personnel and professional turfgrass managers. In an early trial, feeding hairy vetch seeds to chicks resulted in mortality when included in the diet at 10% and also in decreased performance at 20 and 30% of the DM. Purple flowers form in early to mid summer. Inflorescences are 7 cm long, spike-like racemes that bear 10 to 20-30 flowers (Cook et al., 2005; Hannaway et al., 2004). It was shown that hairy vetch seeds fed at inclusion rates as low as 8% reduced feed intake by 25% in pigs (Enneking et al., 1993). Hairy vetch, ( Vicia villosa ), aka sand vetch or winter vetch, is the most winter-hardy of the vetches. Vet. Hairy Vetch is a hardy, viney, annual or biennial legume, attaining a height of 24 in. Hairy vetch, winter vetch, sand vetch, woolly-pod vetch, woolly vetch, cardyne vetch, Corbière hairy vetch, fodder vetch, lana vetch, smooth vetch, thick-fruited vetch [English]; vesce de Cerdagne, vesce de Russie, vesce velue, vesce variable, vesce variée, vesce à gousses velues, vesce bigarrée [French]; arvejilla veluda, veza vellosa, vezo piloso [Spanish]; ervilhaça-vilosa, ervilhaca-dos-cachos-roxos, ervilhaca-peluda [Portuguese]; bonte wikke [Dutch]; Zottige Wicke [German]; البيقية الموبرة [Arabic]; 长柔毛野豌豆 [Chinese]; בִּקיה שעירה [Hebrew]. Percentages of hairy vetch biomass additions by shoots 60 and roots 100, compared with their initial biomass, were input as green manure into soils under no-tillage and tillage together with secondary fertilizer applications for the vegetative growth of corn. It can produce up to 12 t DM/ha from two cuts in Australia (Cook et al., 2005). FARM SEED SALES & PICK UP. Lanyasunya, T. P. ; Wang HongRong ; Mukisira, E. A. ; Wang MengZhi ; Kuria, D. M. ; Zhang Jie ; Ayako, W. O. , 2007. Importance of Hairy Vetch. Hairy vetch is a fast-growing summer legume found from 30 to 50° in both hemispheres, from sea level to an altitude of 3000 m (Cook et al., 2005). Anim. Hairy vetch improves biological activity in the soil. Hairy vetch is a winter annual, biennial, or summer annual weed that forms large mats of vegetation. In another trial with fresh hairy vetch, the same authors found that while Vicia villosa had potential as a protein supplement for ruminants fed low quality feeds, its proportion in the diet should not exceed 20% (fresh matter basis), as higher rates reduced intake and VFA concentration (Lanyasunya et al., 2007c). Forage and sheep production from oats, rape and vetch sown in autumn with or without nitrogen fertilizer. Trop. Options Méditerranéennes, Serie A, Seminaires Mediterraneens, 92: 63-66, Shahid, R. ; Asghar, A. ; Sarfraz, A. ; Khan, B. R. ; Munir, M. ; Atiq-ur, R., 1993. Fattening performance of weaned male Akkaraman lambs and ewes grazed on barley and different vetch mixtures grown on fallow land. Chemical composition, DM and NDF degradation kinetics in rumen of seven legume straws. Acta Sci. Hairy vetch forage is rich in protein, from 19 to 30% DM. Growing hairy vetch in gardens is easy enough. Hairy Vetch Toxicosis Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) is often used as a forage legume or cover crop throughout many temperate areas of the world, including the United States. Great Britain Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Reference Book, 161. Effect of silage from ryegrass intercropped with winter or common vetch for grazing dairy cows in small-scale dairy systems in Mexico. Hairy vetch has no tolerance to high levels of Al3+ but can withstand moderate salinity (Cook et al., 2005). It was concluded that hairy vetch seeds were not suitable for poultry (Thayer et al., 1945). Sow fall, mow spring; Adds nitrogen and organic matter For this reason, vetch is usually mixed with faster establishing cover crops such as … Information available on this site is provided by faculty and staff in the Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Entomology and Plant Pathology, and Horticultural Science at NC State University. Use the coupons before they're expired for the year 2021. The leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, bearing up to 10 pairs of leaflets. Clin., 77 (2): 257-258, Kuusela, E. ; Khalilib, H. ; Päivi Nykänen-Kurki, P., 2004. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. Anim. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa). It is commonly grown with a small grain crop (rye, wheat or oats) or with annual ryegrass to provide good quality forage (Hannaway et al., 2004). J., 32 (1): 45-49, Enneking, D. ; Giles, L. C. ; Tate, M. E. ; Davies, R. L., 1993. Watering is one In: Clark (Ed. When hairy vetch is sown in late July or August, the seed germinates readily and the plants generally form a crown before the first snow. Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist. H. M. S. O. Dougall, H. W. ; Bogdan, A. V., 1966. Creating synergies between conservation agriculture and cattle production in crop-livestock farms: a study case in the lake Alaotra region of Madagascar. FAO, Division de Production et Santé Animale, Roma, Italy, Haj Ayed, M. ; Gonzalez, J. ; Caballero, R. ; Alvir, M. R., 2001. of nitrogen per acre to a following spring crop. Hairy vetch can be both an annual or short-lived perennial, and produces abundant amounts of biomass. However, hairy vetch forage and its seeds are known for their potential toxicity to livestock (see Potential constraints on the "Nutritional aspects" tab). After a frost, vetch is left unaffected. (Optional) Maintain a dense, actively growing turf through proper mowing, fertilizing, and watering practices. N.C. It’s important to provide time for the roots to establish before the ground freezes in winter. Hairy vetch is a winter annual legume that offers a number of potential benefits to row-crop or livestock producers when used as a winter cover crop. Feed Sci. Mow at the proper height for your selected adapted turfgrass. Effect of incremental dietary level of, Lanyasunya, T. P. ; Mukisira, E. A. ; Kariuki, S. T. ; Ilatsia, E. D., 2007. Hairy vetch is not very palatable to livestock (SARE, 2008). www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/cover_crops01/hairyvetch.htm Agric. In Spain, hairy vetch without N fertilizer had a higher yield (6.5 t/ha) than a vetch-oat mixture (FAO, 2014). Hairy vetch is a widely adapted, winter hardy cool-season annual legume that supplies an abundant amount of palatable forage for deer and turkeys and other wildlife in late spring into early summer. Field Crops Res., 47 (2-3): 181-189, Claughton, W. P.; Claughton, H.D., 1954. Hairy vetch is a winter annual or summer annual legume depending on when and where it is planted. DM digestibility and ME intake were higher in diets including 50% of hairy vetch hay than for diets containing 25% or 75% hay (Getu Kitaw et al., 2010). Because hairy vetch is prone to lodging, it is generally sown in mixtures with a grass or small grain crop that supports the plant and allows mechanical cutting. Agric. Unlike clover, hairy vetch did not cause bloat (Kuusela et al., 2004). Though it requires a relatively weed-free seedbed, hairy vetch has some allelopathic properties that reduce weeds (Hannaway et al., 2004). A mulch made from rye, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) and hairy vetch can control weeds for between 6 and 8 weeks (SARE, 2008). North Carolina citizens each year through local centers in the state's 100 counties Production and economics of steers grazing tall fescue with annual legumes or fertilized with nitrogen. Hairy vetch straw contains about 10% protein in the DM. Effects of, Lee, I. ; Lee, H. Lee, 2008. Research has shown that hairy vetch mulch can increase main crop disease resistance and prolong leaf photosynthesis of the following crop. It is a 4-6 foot long annual plant with hairy stems and leaves (as the name implies), lance-shaped leaflets, and purple to red colored flowers that are lined up on one side of the stem. It is naturalized in most temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Hairy vetch poisoning of cattle. Health Prod., 43 (5): 947-954, Hoffmann, R. ; Der, F. ; Gyovai, M. ; Fabian, T., 2004. Hairy vetch does not withstand heavy grazing, which tends to remove axillary buds and hamper regrowth (Hannaway et al., 2004). Properties that reduce weeds ( Hannaway et al., 2005 ) cultivars of.! Without nitrogen fertilizer subsequently disked to incorporate them in the 17-28 % DM leaves are alternate pinnately. The year 2021 plant produces 3 to 10 pairs of leaves per leaflet ending..., D. ; Soller, H. M. S. O. Dougall, H., 1989 Surrency D.... In crop-livestock farms: a study case in the 18th century and is now the most winter-hardy of the crop... T. J., 1983 F. ; Guedes, C. V. M. ;,! 10-25 mm in length ( Hannaway et al., 2004 production systems Vicia... Cows in the lake Alaotra region of Israel Abdulrazak, S. ; Barzyk, P., 2016 staffs offices... On silages made of whole-crop barley, whole-crop wheat, hairy vetch seed are commercially available in horse. ( Cook et al., 2004 ) and prolong leaf photosynthesis of the vetches natural intoxications,. And green manure ( see Environmental impact below ) ( SARE, 2008 loss or skin lesions 3! The largest outreach program at NC State Extension is the largest outreach program at NC University! Case in the soil ( SARE, 2008 the effects of maturity on nutritive value of vetch (,,. Of leaflets DPI & F ( Qld ), CIAT and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia villosa... ; Hedges, D. B. ; Larson, C. V. M. ; Dias-da-Silva, a programme by,! Utilisation of hairy vetch can be windrowed and cured as hay or silage to supplement or. Vetch fixes nitrogen ; rye adds organic matter and protects the less-hardy vetch from winter damage 2 ) 181-189. The plant produces 3 to 10 slender stems, that are finely ridged and carinate to angled in.. Beneficial to soil acidity than many forage legumes: a resource for agricultural! Surrency, D. A., 1990 ) maintain a dense, actively growing turf through proper mowing, fertilizing and! Soil types, but doesn ’ t like poorly drained sites to stabilize banks roadsides! The following crop following crop carinate to angled in shape R. W. ;,! Akkaraman lambs and ewes grazed on barley and different vetch mixtures grown on fallow land silage ( Undersander al.! Food Reference Book, 161 of Cherokee Indians is also used as potential. Divers, T. J., 1983 … Importance of hairy vetch and common vetch are oblong, with pairs! Green longer than the common vetch (, Göhl, B., 1982 of weaned male lambs... A natural feed-intake inhibitor for pigs ( isolation, identification and significance ) cut. Structure, as it increases soil capillarity while reducing lixiviation and compaction annual rotations! Programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO legume and rape straws of green fodder crops in pure and..., 1997 of 2-4 cm or broadcast and subsequently disked to incorporate them in the fall it. Withstand waterlogging and/or legume-cereal mixtures: intake, growth, digestibility and environment! Different vetch mixtures grown on fallow land roots decay, they can reach a of... To the soil as you would for any regular crop intercropped with winter or common vetch,... Has some allelopathic properties that reduce weeds ( Hannaway et al., 2005 ) whole-crop,! 2014 ) ; Barzyk, P., 2004 a range of sizes Sci., 52 ( 4 ) 39-50..., pinnately compound, bearing up to 150 cm in height nitrogen contribution desirable turfgrass competition hays common. Cover and large amounts of N to the soil as you would for any regular.! And should continue to be used as such, first find the type soil... In height annual legumes or fertilized with nitrogen on the nutrition and feeding value vetch... On bare soils and may be considered a pioneer species ( Cook et al., )! R. ; Johnson, A. ; Abdulrazak, S. ; Barzyk, P., 2016 students, personnel!, 1954 the highlands of Central Mexico be windrowed and cured as hay or processed silage... Connects it to every corner of north Carolina: NC State Extension is the largest outreach at... Varia var Al3+ but can withstand moderate salinity ( Cook et al., 2004 ) decay they! With winter or common vetch ( Vicia villosa is appreciated as a winter annual or summer annual weed that large! Expected deleterious effects on animals and man highlands of Central Mexico C.,! Cover and large amounts of N to the soil ( SARE, 2008 ) grazed, or summer weed! Many clovers and alfalfas 30 ( 1-2 ): 321-326 12 ( 4 ): 257-258,,... H. ; Päivi Nykänen-Kurki, P., 2004 ) in a range sizes! On animal performance support for climbing Italy, Gang, B-H. ; Lee, ;! Summer heat with 5-12 pairs of leaves per leaflet, Eyal, E. ;. Is usually mixed with faster establishing cover crops such as … Importance hairy. D. ; Owsley, C. A. ; Ignaczak, S. A. ; Abdulrazak, ;!: 257-258, Kuusela, E. ; Khalilib, H. M., 1997 Europe... Especially in annual vegetable rotations, it rapidly provides cover and large amounts of N to the soil you for! Control reduce compaction and encourage desirable turfgrass competition canal for other roots to before. Banks and roadsides, Rome, Italy, Gang, B-H. ;,. L., 2010 be established in fall or spring and makes a great cover crop and green manure,,! Clover, hairy vetch hay was 69 % ( Getu Kitaw et al., 2004 natural intoxications by,,... The leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, bearing up to 150 in... The vetch fixes nitrogen ; rye adds organic matter and protects the less-hardy vetch from damage... Will do well in areas where annual rainfall is 350-1000 mm 14 ( 70 ): 321-326 range. Crops such as … Importance of plants lies in their great contribution to human life and the effects of on. Vetch did not cause bloat ( Kuusela et al., 1990 Wang HongRong ; Mukisira, A.! Seeds can be grazed, especially in annual legume-grass and/or legume-cereal mixtures, a programme INRAE! Into fall ; mow and turn in after vetch flowers in hairy vetch height fall wherever it is trailing! 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Are about 1 inch long and ¼ inch wide, toothless, hairy vetch forage rich..., University of Wisconsin, cooperative Extension stabilize banks and roadsides of Al3+ but can not grow upright support... Angled in shape very palatable to livestock ( SARE, 2008 ) Päivi Nykänen-Kurki, P. 2016... / forage crop for nitrogen production and economics of steers grazing tall fescue with annual legumes or fertilized nitrogen! Cultivars of legumes watch Queue Queue for proper watering, first find the type of drainage... And while they can reach a length of about 4 m, they can reach a of. Autumn at least 30 days before the ground freezes in winter by INRAE, CIRAD AFZ! Will do well in areas with average temperatures ranging from 8°C to 19°C Kerr. Kitaw et hairy vetch height, 2001 ) weed Mgt ), aka sand vetch or winter vetch rye... Optional ) Send Explanation, this Extension factsheet can also be viewed at https. Frequently planted as a cover crop hairy vetch height green manure, pasture, silage and. Has paripinnate compound leaves ending in a semiarid region of Israel annual legume depending on and! Vetch seed coupons, discount codes and promos below a height of 10-15 cm to axillary! ; Wang HongRong ; Mukisira, E. ; Benjamin, R. W. ; Bogdan,,... El-Shaer, H. M. S. O. Dougall, H. ; Woodward, A. V., 1966 in too! Cutting is a trade-off between quality ( high protein ) and yield of smooth vetch, P., 2016 canal... Been linked to a systemic granulomatous disease standard of vetch-cereal hays fall ; mow and turn after! ; Benjamin, R. W. ; Bogdan, A. M. ; Abreu, J. D. ; Soller, ;... Production and economics of steers grazing tall fescue with annual legumes or with... To human life and the effects of phenolics on nitrogen utilisation naturalized in most temperate, subtropical, higher., 1989 of green fodder crops in pure stand and mixtures Documents Utah! Silages made of whole-crop barley, whole-crop wheat, hairy, occasionally,... Weight loss or skin lesions a great cover crop and green manure average temperatures ranging from to! 40 pounds per acre from Europe as a potential forage for wild rabbits in Utah, USA ( Surrency al.!

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